The Supreme Court on Tuesday took up an Alabama redistricting case that could have far-reaching effects on minority voting power across the United States and seemed likely to divide the court along ideological lines.

The justices heard two hours of arguments in the latest showdown over the federal Voting Rights Act, with lawsuits seeking to force Alabama to create a second Black majority congressional district. About 27% of Alabamians are Black, but they form a majority in just one of the state’s seven congressional districts.

The court’s conservatives, in a 5-4 vote in February, blocked a lower court ruling that would have required a second Black majority district in time for the November elections. A similar ruling to create an additional Black majority district in Louisiana also was put on hold.

“This is a case about fair representation,” Rep. Terri Sewell, D-Ala., told Spectrum News. "African Americans are 27% of the population and yet we have only one of the seven seats. It’s simply not fair."

Conservative high court majorities have made it harder for racial minorities to use the Voting Rights Act in ideologically divided rulings in 2013 and 2021. A ruling for Alabama in the new case could weaken a powerful tool that civil rights groups and minority voters have used to challenge racial discrimination in redistricting.

“The Voting Rights Act, which was designed to take discrimination out of voting, cannot be used to affirmatively require the state to discriminate in how it draws its line,” Edmund LaCour Jr., Alabama's Solicitor General, said. 

Some conservative justices seemed sympathetic to Alabama’s arguments. “Where can the state win?” Justice Samuel Alito asked Solicitor General Elizabeth Prelogar, the Biden administration’s top Supreme Court lawyer who was arguing against Alabama.

The court’s three liberal justices pushed back strongly against Alabama’s arguments.

Justice Elena Kagan referred to the Voting Rights Act as not only “an important statute” but “one of the great achievements of American democracy” while acknowledging that recent Supreme Court cases have cut back on the law. “Now, in recent years, the statute has fared not well in this court,” she said.

Kagan told Alabama’s lawyer.: “You’re asking us essentially to cut back substantially on our 40 years of precedent and to make this, too, extremely difficult to prevail on, so what’s left?”

Justice Sonia Sotomayor, the court’s first Hispanic justice, and Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson, the court’s first Black female justice who was hearing her second day of arguments, were similarly unsympathetic to Alabama’s arguments. Jackson said “what we all want” is for people to “spread out and live among one another and vote based on their own ... views as opposed to along racial lines” but that is not what is happening in Alabama.

Alito suggested that polarized voting has more to do with ideology and is “not based on race.”

Partisan politics underlies the case. Republicans who dominate elective office in Alabama have been resistant to creating a second district with a Democratic-leaning Black majority that could send another Democrat to Congress.

Two appointees of President Donald Trump were on the three-judge panel that unanimously held that Alabama likely violated the landmark 1965 law by diluting Black voting strength.

The judges found that Alabama has concentrated Black voters in one district, while spreading them out among the others to make it impossible for them to elect a candidate of their choice.

Alabama’s Black population is large enough and geographically compact enough to create a second district, the judges found.

Alabama argues that the lower court ruling would force it to sort voters by race and the state insists it is taking a “race neutral” approach to redistricting.

That argument could resonate with conservative justices, including Chief Justice John Roberts. He has opposed most consideration of race in voting both as a justice and in his time as a lawyer in Republican presidential administrations.

Roberts said little Tuesday to telegraph his vote. Justices Clarence Thomas and Neil Gorsuch also had little or nothing to say in court, but Thomas in particular has voted consistently to limit the reach of anti-discrimination laws.

The outcome appears to rest with Justices Amy Coney Barrett and Brett Kavanaugh. Their questions suggested they may be open to a more narrow win for Alabama than the broadest outcome the state is asking for, which might even allow states to dismantle existing districts where racial minorities make up more than half the voters.

There are concerns that a broad ruling dismantling provisions of the Voting Rights Act would lead to many Black-majority districts being challenged. There are already pending lawsuits over new maps in Texas and Louisiana. 

“Alabama presents the strongest evidence that there's racial polarization between white and Black voters,” Christian Grose, a professor of political science and public policy at the University of Southern California, told Spectrum News. "And that if you can't enforce the Voting Rights Act in Alabama, it's gonna be really hard to enforce it anywhere."

This is not the only important voting rights case the Supreme Court is set to take up this term. The other is a case from North Carolina which could give state legislatures sweeping authority to determine the outcome of federal elections.

However, the arguments were the first Supreme Court case involving race for Jackson. A challenge to affirmative action in college admissions is set for arguments on Oct. 31.

A decision in Merrill v. Milligan is expected by late June.